Vesicoureteral reflux is best described as retrograde flow of urine during voiding. In children, this can lead to which consequences?

• A. Recurrent pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy with scarring and CKD
• B. Hypertension due to glomerulonephritis
• C. Nocturnal polyuria
• D. Hypotension

Answer: (A)

Vesicoureteral reflux lets urine flow backward from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys during voiding. In children, this backflow provides a route for bacteria to ascend to the kidneys, increasing the risk of recurrent upper urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis). Repeated kidney infections in the setting of reflux can lead to reflux nephropathy, where inflammation and scarring of renal tissue occur. Over time, this scarring can impair kidney function and contribute to chronic kidney disease. Hypertension due to glomerulonephritis, nocturnal polyuria, and hypotension are not typical consequences of VUR in this context, making recurrent pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy with scarring and CKD the most accurate description.