In infants, which signs are commonly associated with urinary tract infections such as pyelonephritis?

• A. Fever or irritability
• B. Severe leg pain only
• C. Jaundice and hepatomegaly
• D. Cough and rhinorrhea

Answer: (A)

Infants often show nonspecific systemic signs with a urinary tract infection, because they can’t localize urinary symptoms. Fever is a common feature and irritability is a frequent presentation, reflecting discomfort and systemic response to infection. Other options point to problems in other organ systems or to non-urinary illnesses (severe leg pain alone isn’t typical for a UTI; jaundice and hepatomegaly suggest liver-related issues; cough and rhinorrhea indicate a respiratory infection). So fever or irritability best captures how UTIs like pyelonephritis commonly present in infants.